By 1946, Spain occupies a complex geopolitical position. Though it never fully entered the Second World War, the postwar order has drawn the country into the margins of the fascist world—without granting it full acceptance. Ruled by the aging Generalissimo Francisco Franco, Spain stands at the crossroads of ambition and restraint.

Alliance with Portugal

In 1944, Spain entered into a formal Hispano-Lusitanian Pact of Africa with neighboring Portugal. The alliance, originally framed as a defensive agreement, evolved into a loose colonial partnership. Both nations coordinate their administration over African holdings and seek to present a united Iberian front to deter German encroachment in West Africa.

Though the alliance is stable, it is based more on mutual distrust of Germany than genuine ideological alignment.

Tense Relations with the Reich

Spain's relationship with the German Reich remains fragile. While Franco's regime shares ideological similarities with fascist Europe, he never forgave Hitler for refusing to grant Spain parts of French North Africa.

Tensions intensified after Germany expanded its colonial presence in Africa and began pressuring Madrid to align more closely with Berlin. Spain, however, maintains its military neutrality, balancing German expectations with cautious diplomatic ties to the United States and Vichy France.

Berlin views Spain as unreliable; Madrid views Berlin as arrogant and overbearing.

Internal Factions and Political Tensions

• Radical Falangists: Inspired by the SS and the idea of a pan-European fascist empire, they demand Spain fully join the Axis world and adopt a more militant foreign policy. Some of their paramilitary units have secretly supported pro-German movements in Africa.
• Traditionalist Monarchists: Loyal to the exiled Bourbon claimant, they push for the restoration of the monarchy and denounce the Falange’s totalitarianism. They enjoy the quiet backing of elements within the Church and conservative aristocracy.
• Carlist Militias: These traditionalist forces have re-emerged in rural regions, complicating national unity.

Franco tries to manage these groups, but his grip weakens. The future of Spain may depend on who outlasts him—a loyalist military successor, a falangist strongman, or a return to royalist order.